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China’s tightening of rare earth mineral exports is raising concerns across the U.S. defense industry. On April 14, the New York Times described the move as “a warning shot to U.S. national security,” underscoring the rising strategic value of rare earths.

Beijing has imposed special export licensing requirements on six heavy rare earths and magnets. Given that China produces about 90% of the world’s rare earth magnets, these restrictions could drive up U.S. military procurement costs. For reference, an F-35 fighter jet requires roughly 900 pounds of rare earths, and a single submarine uses over 9,200 pounds. These materials are critical to weapons systems, radar, missile guidance, and advanced engine coatings.

While the U.S. has restarted domestic production at Mountain Pass in California, its refining capabilities remain far behind China’s. Analysts warn that short-term stockpiles will be insufficient to meet defense demand, and cite the 2010 Japan incident as precedent for China’s willingness to use rare earths as a diplomatic lever.

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