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Carbon taxes are emerging as a key variable in global trade dynamics. The European Union (EU) plans to fully implement the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in 2025, ending its transition phase by the end of this year. In response, the United States is considering the Clean Competition Act and the Foreign Pollution Fee Act (FPFA), while several states have already adopted Emissions Trading Systems (ETS). According to the World Bank, 39 countries currently impose carbon taxes, while 36 nations operate ETS programs.

Carbon tariffs function as de facto import duties, triggering trade tensions. CBAM, in particular, places the carbon tax burden on importers, raising concerns about reduced industrial competitiveness. Emerging economies such as China, India, and Brazil have labeled CBAM a protectionist measure and proposed formal discussions at COP29. India, for instance, argues that CBAM could add a 20–35% cost burden on its steel and aluminum sectors, leading to strong opposition.

For corporations, carbon intensity management and supply chain optimization are becoming business imperatives. Under CBAM, when product-level emissions data is insufficient, the average emission factor of the country of origin is applied. Similarly, the FPFA may impose additional costs if the reliability of emissions data is questionable. As a result, carbon reduction is now a competitive necessity, and companies must optimize supply chains to mitigate rising carbon costs.

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